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History of Pennsylvania
The history of Pennsylvania as a political entity began in 1681 when William Penn received a royal charter from King Charles II of England, but human activity in the region precedes that date. Before Pennsylvania was settled by Europeans, the area was home to the Lenape, Susquehannock, Iroquois, Erie, Shawnee and other Native American tribes. Most of these tribes were driven off or reduced to remnants as a result of new diseases such as smallpox that arrived long before any permanent colonists. Pennsylvania was first colonized by Swedish and Dutch settlers in the 17th century, before the English took control of the colony in 1667. In 1681, William Penn established a colony based on religious tolerance; it and its chief city, Philadelphia (the first planned city), was settled by many Quakers. In the mid-eighteenth century, the colony attracted many German and Scots-Irish immigrants
Pennsylvania played a central role in the American Revolution, and Philadelphia served as the nation's capital for much of the 19th century. Starting in the 18th century and continuing into the 20th century, Pennsylvania was the second most populous state in the country, and Philadelphia was the second most populous city in the nation. Pennsylvania also expanded its borders into what is now known as northwestern, northeastern, and southwestern Pennsylvania, and Pittsburgh grew into one of America's largest and most prominent cities. During the Civil War, Pennsylvania played an important role in the Union's victory. After the war, Pennsylvania grew into a Republican stronghold and a major manufacturing and transportation center. After the Great Depression and World War II, Pennsylvania moved towards the service industry and became a swing state.
==Pre-Columbian era==
Pennsylvania's history of human habitation extends to thousands of years before the foundation of the Province of Pennsylvania. Archaeologists generally believe that the first settlement of the Americas occurred at least 15,000 years ago during the last glacial period, though it is unclear when humans first entered the area known as Pennsylvania. There is an open debate in the archaeological community regrading when the ancestors of Native Americans expanded across the two continents down to the tip of South America, with possibilities ranging between 30,000 and 10,500 years ago.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/native_american_archaeology/3316/paleoindian_period/405749 )〕 The Meadowcroft Rockshelter contains the earliest known signs of human activity in Pennsylvania, and perhaps all of North America,〔 as it contains the remains of a civilization that existed over 10,000 years ago and possibly pre-dated the Clovis culture.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/overview_of_pennsylvania_history/4281/pre-1681__the_eve_of_colonization/478723 )〕〔(Ancient Pa. Dwelling Still Dividing Archaeologists )〕 By 1000 C.E., in contrast to their nomadic hunter-gatherer ancestors, the native population of Pennsylvania had developed agricultural techniques and a mixed food economy.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/native_american_archaeology/3316/late_woodland_period/406837 )〕
By the time that European colonization of the Americas began, several Native American tribes inhabited the region.〔 The Lenape spoke an Algonquin language, and inhabited an area known as the Lenapehoking, which consisted of southeastern Pennsylvania and parts of the surrounding states. The Shawnee also spoke an Algonquin language, and inhabited various parts of Pennsylvania. The Susquehannock spoke an Iroquoian language and inhabited areas adjacent to the Susquehanna River and its tributary rivers. The powerful Iroquois Confederacy was centered in New York, but also exerted influence in Pennsylvania and other areas in the Eastern United States and Canada. Other tribes also lived in Pennsylvania, including the Eries, the Mahican, and the Conoy.〔 Like the other indigenous peoples of the Americas, the Native Americans of Pennsylvania suffered from a massive loss in population caused by disease following the beginning of the Columbian Exchange in 1492. The Monongahela culture of southwestern Pennsylvania suffered such large losses that it was nearly extinct by the time Europeans arrived in the region in the 17th century.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/native_american_archaeology/3316/contact_period/407008 )〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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